Sunday, 29 September 2013

The Connection Between Maakeh and Lo Tasim Damim


So, as I implied in my previous post, I've started working the sugiot of Maakeh and Lo Tasim Damim. Interestingly enough, these two mitzvot are learned out from the same pasuk(דברים כב:ח)


כִּי תִבְנֶה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲקֶה לְגַגֶּךָ וְלֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתֶךָ כִּי יִפֹּל הַנֹּפֵל מִמֶּנּוּ.

The Sifrei brings the drasha:

" 'ועשית מעקה לגגך' - מצות עשה. 'לא תשים דמים בביתך' - מצות לא תעשה".

So, taking the psukim at face value, we have:
  • one positive commandment to build a guardrail around one's roof
  • one prohibition to permit hazards in one's home

 

The Implied Connection


The fact that these mitzvot share a pasuk seems to indicate a connection and the language of the Sifrei also seems to imply that these mitzvot apply together. Also, when reading many of the sources in chazal, it is not entirely clear if a source is talking about one, the other, or both mitzvot. So a key question for understanding this sugia is: What is the connection between these two mizvot, and when one applies, does the other automatically apply.

In fact, when looking at the Rishonim and Achronim, we can find both a variety of approaches. Two extremes among them are the Ramban, who implies that the two are always applied together, and the Netziv who distinguishes sharply between them.

The Ramban


The Ramban(קידושין לד.) believes that Maakeh is the dominant one of the two mitzvot. Lo Tasim Damim is only there to strengthen the severity of Maakeh. As such, Lo Tasim Damim only applies where Maakeh also applies.


ול"נ שעיקר מצותו עשה, שאין לאו שבו אלא לקיים העשה, דכתב רחמנא ועשית מעקה תחילה והדר לא תשים דמים בביתך כלומר לא תעכב מלעשות מצוה זו, ולאו שאין בו מעשה אחר אלא קיום עשה שבו הוא

The Netziv


The Netziv(סיפרי עמק הנציב על הפסוק) draws a clear distinction between the two mizvot. Maakeh is the specific mitzva of building a guardrail around dangerous drops in and around your house. Lo Tasim Damim is a more general mitzva of removing dangers.

I've already brought the Netziv in full, but here are some relevant passages to understanding his shita. Red lines pertain to Maakeh, while blue pertain to Lo Tasim Damim.



And finally, it's worth checking out Reuven Taragin's shiur on Lo Tasim Damim, which turned me on to these two mekorot.

Saturday, 28 September 2013

Treasure Hunting for the Netziv


So the last few day's I've been trying to locate the Netziv's perush on the Sifrei, the Emek Hanetziv.  It hasn't been easy. Google Search turned-up next-to nothing.  Online bookstores don't have it.  Most people I asked never heard of it. The two rabbis who I spoke who did know the book were divided as to whether it's just a standard perush included with the Sifrei or whether it's it's own book.

Well, a couple people told me to check out the library in the Central Ashkenazi Shul in Akko. I went to shacharit there(weekday davening is actually held in the library) and spent half the time peeking surreptitiously at the not-terribly-organized shelves.  Then, suddenly I saw it.  Three volumes of moderate width "Sifrei Emek Hanetziv".

It's a pity there's so little online about the book. These days, you can get all the basic Jewish texts online, at least as a scanned PDF, but there are still a lot of books with little or no mention online. I would love to scan the entire book and put it up, but I don't have the time or the equipment, so here at least are the pages I scanned for my own personal use, about Maakeh.





Tuesday, 17 September 2013

Hatfasa: Nedarim vs. Shvuot



So let's take a step back and take a look at the topic of התפסה in general: the concept appears in both נדרים and שבועות.  The idea is that a neder, and perhaps a shvua, can be created by copying another חלות.  So my question is: What's the difference?

Overview Via the Sources


The Rambam mentions התפסה in הלכות שבועות:ב, saying that it doesn't work for shvuot.  He ends cryptically, however, saying that there is still some sort of issur.

 ז  [ח] שמע חברו נשבע, ואמר ואני כמותך--הואיל ולא הוציא שבועה מפיו ולא השביעו חברו, הרי זה פטור; וזהו מתפיס בשבועה, שהוא פטור.  [ט] וכן אם נשבע שלא אוכל בשר זה, וחזר ואמר והרי הפת הזו כבשר הזה--הרי זה פטור על הפת, שהרי לא הוציא שבועה עליה אלא התפיסה; ואף על פי שהוא פטור מן המלקות או מן הקרבן, אסור לו לאכול אותה הפת שהתפיסה בשבועה.

It's worth noting that the Rambam is going according to Rava, while other rishonim follow Abaye and say that one can copy a shvua.

אביי אמר- כמוציא שבועה מפיו דמי, ורבא אמר- לאו כמוציא שבועה מפיו דמי. (שבועות כ.)


The Rambam mentions lots of examples of hatfasa in nedarim, some of them implicitly.  Here are a few examples from הלכות נדרים:א.


ז  האומר פירות אלו עליי קרבן, או שאמר הרי הן כקרבן, או שאמר לחברו כל מה שאוכל עימך עליי קרבן, או כקרבן, או הרי הן עליי קרבן--הרי אלו אסורין עליו:  מפני שאפשר שיידור אדם קרבן; ויעשה בהמה שהייתה חול קרבן, ותיאסר.

יג  האומר הרי הן עליי כמעשר בהמה--הרי אלו אסורין, הואיל וקדושתן בידי אדם.  הרי הן עליי כבכור, הרי אלו מותרין--שאין קדושתן בידי אדם, ואינו יכול להתפיסו בנדר:  שנאמר בו "לא יקדיש איש, אותו" 

טו  היה לפניו בשר קודש, אפילו היה בשר שלמים אחר זריקת דמים שהוא מותר לזרים, ואמר הרי הן עליי כבשר זה--הרי אלו אסורין:  שלא התפיס אלא בעיקרו, שהיה אסור.  אבל אם היה בשר בכור--אם לפני זריקת דמים, הרי זה אסור; ואם לאחר זריקת דמים, הרי זה מותר. 


Questions 

 

  • Wat is the reasoning behind each side of the Rava/Abaye machloket?
  • Why, with shvuot, do we only mention copying another shvua, while with nedarim we also see examples of copying other issurim like a korban?
  • What does the Rambam mean that there is no shvua but it's still asur?

Understanding Shvuot


Indian Oath
Let's start with the more difficult opinion, that of Rava, that unlike Nedarim, you can't create a Shvua with התפסה.  Why is that? It all comes down to how shvuot work, as opposed to nedarim.

A shvua get's it's power from the name of God that one swears by. The prohibition against violating one's oath is based on chilul Hashem.  Without that ingredient, there is no oath.  That's why there is no possibility of basing a shvua on a korban, no name of God has been taken.  The whole question arises only when you are trying to copy one shvua to another.  Rava apparently says that the requirement of use Hashem's name is so strong, that it can't be "borrowed" from the original shvua.  Each time a shvua is made, God's name must be said.

Abayei, on the other hand, apparently reasons that as long as we're copying a valid shvua, so the original shvua's shem Hashem transfers to this one.

Understanding Nedarim


Monastic Vows
Nedarim, on the other hand, don't work based on chilul Hashem.  They are a special provision that the Torah provides for us to create our own isurim verbally. So there is no essential problem with making a neder via התפסה, it's just another way of verbally expressing the neder.  The neder may therefore be copied either from another neder, or from some other halachic construct such as korban.

The Ran's Understanding of Nedarim


That works for the Rambam, but the Ran(על הרי"ף שבועות ח.) takes it a step further.  He says that all Nedarim work by התפסה. He says that a neder is a Torah provision that allows you to copy certain halachot onto other objects.  According to the Ran, when a person makes a neder without explicit hatfasa, it actually means "like a korban".

שעיקר נדר בהתפסה הוא ואע"פ שאם לא התפיסו חייל ההוא מדין יד הוא דמהני שכשהוא אומר הרי זה אסור עלי אנו גומרין דבריו כקרבן
The Ran also points out why כקורבן is never mentioned with regards to shvua, even if one were to fulfill the requirement of swearing by Hashem's name. A קרבן is an issur cheftza, while a shvua is an issur gavra, so it's unthinkable that one could be created from the other.  They are incompatible

Sunday, 15 September 2013

Two Types of התפסה

In his speech on תעניות ציבור, published in שעורים לזכר אבי מרי ז"ל, Rav Soloveichik points out that there are two types of התפסה for nedarim:

The more traditional type of התפסה copies a איסור חפצה from some previous neder, thus creating a new חלות שם איסור on some previously permitted object.  He calls this התפסה באיסור כקורבן because the neder we are copying is of the standard type, which copies the איסור הנאה from קורבנות.  He brings examples of this type of התפסה from the Rambam(נדרים ג):

ג  כיצד המתפיס בנדרים חייב:  שמע חברו שנדר, ואמר ואני כמוך, בתוך כדי דיבור--הרי זה אסור במה שנאסר בו חברו; שמע השלישי זה שאמר ואני, ואמר ואני--אפילו היו מאה וכל אחד מהן אומר ואני, בתוך כדי דיבורו של חברו--הרי כולן אסורין.
ד  וכן האומר הבשר הזה עליי אסור, וחזר ואמר אפילו אחר כמה ימים, והפת הזאת כבשר הזה--הרי הפת נתפסה ונאסרה; חזר ואמר ודבש זה כפת הזאת, ויין זה כדבש זה--אפילו הן מאה, כולן אסורין.

The second and more novel type is התפסה בחלות שם.  It creates some other type of חלות שם, with any resulting איסורים being the secondary result of that שם. In fact, there can be other, non-איסור halachot which result from the שם.  The two examples the Rav brings of this second type of התפסה are also from the Rambam:

 ה  הרי שמת אביו או רבו היום, ונדר שיצום אותו היום, וצם, ולאחר שנים אמר, הרי יום זה עליו כיום שמת בו אביו או רבו--הרי זה אסור לאכול בו כלום:  שהרי התפיס יום זה, ואסרו כיום האסור לו.  וכן כל כיוצא באלו. (נדרים ג)
 ג  [ב] המתפיס בצדקה, חייב כשאר הנדרים.  כיצד:  אמר הרי סלע זו כזו, הרי זו צדקה.  הפריש סלע ואמר, הרי זו צדקה, ולקח סלע שנייה ואמר, וזו--הרי השנייה צדקה, ואף על פי שלא פירש.  [ג] הנודר צדקה ולא ידע כמה נדר, ייתן עד שיאמר לא לכך נתכוונתי. (מתנות עניים ח)

Questions

This really blew my mind.  So you can create other types of חלויות via התפסה, not just nedarim...

  • So is התפסה really a din in nedarim?  It appears to be a more general category.
  • What are the limits as far as what type of חלויות I can create?  Presumably I can't make a kula i.e. turn traif into kosher.  Can I make a weekday shabbat?  Can I make an Israel a Cohen?(apparently not, but why?)
  • Perhaps the answer is that התפסה applies to things that are similar to a neder to bring a korban.  Like tzedaka, a fast day, a commitment to learn a certain Torah text, etc.  Let's call them, "Personal Offerings".

Saturday, 14 September 2013

This Blog


I've already created this blog twice and then deleted it in the past couple years.  I think I'm finally ready...

So, having left yeshiva years ago, and finding it increasingly hard to find a chevruta with a compatible schedule, a good proportion of my learning is solo.  One of the problems there is that another person keeps you honest, calls you out when you don't have a clear understanding.  So I think that keeping a blog could help.  As soon as you are publishing your notes(even if nobody is reading them) you feel the need to read over them again, make sure there aren't any mistakes, make sure your stating an idea clearly.

So currently, I'm reading שעורים לזכר אבי מורי ז"ל and occasionally attending a gemara shiur, so to start I'll be making posts about those.  Language-wise, since this is largely personal notes, I'll be sticking with what's easy for me, so that's English with Hebrew thrown in where appropriate.

Since I'm posting as I learn the sugya, I'm sure I'll make mistakes along the way.  Hopefully I'll realize eventually and make a new post with a corrected understanding.  In any case, I'll try and make a clear distinction between the sources and my understanding of them.  And if you read this and find a mistake, please say so in the comments.