Of course, we learn gemara lishma, in order to understand Hashem's Torah. That's the primary and timeless raison d'etre of our study. Nevertheless, it can be informative to look at how our learning fits into the wider context of our lives outside the ד' אמות of halachic study.
Voltaire's Bastards
In
a recent EconTalk, Russ interviewed John Ralston Saul on his 1992 book Voltaire's Bastards. Saul's thesis is basically, that the focus on empirical reasoning that began during the Enlightenment has been taken too far by subsequent generations, to the point where other important models of thought to a large degree excluded from the discourse. Here's an except:
I think if you actually go back and look at what they were saying in the
context of the late 18th century...of course they were pushing reason because it was sort of a
counterweight to superstition and stupidity and the ignorance of the
aristocracy, and so on...So, I don't think that
Voltaire or any of the others would have imagined reason being put in a
Platonic way on the throne and that everything else would be demoted
beneath it...Once you sort of say, look, here's the solution to our problems; this
will get us out of everything, let's go down this road--well, then you
basically very quickly deform the thing itself...There are lots
of other counterweights out there apart from reason. You can be
non-rational, you know, which is completely different from irrational. You can use ethics. You can use intuition. You can use
imagination. But if you become obsessed by rationalism or reason then
you start to construct everything around it and you are dragging
everything through what you think is a rational methodology. Well, of
course, imagination is not rational. Ethics is not rational. Intuition is not
rational. So you are now deforming human intelligence, the ability for
humans to act in a sensible way when faced by a crisis or an
opportunity.
The idea is that Rationalism, despite it's power in answering certain types of questions, doesn't give such satisfying answers for other types of questions. Instead, modes of thought like ethics, imagination, and intuition are more useful. So, when we nevertheless try and force Rationalism on a subject, we don't necessarily end up with the best results. His example from Art History is especially telling:
Not only have the humanities been singled out as the enemy of reason,
but there has been a serious attempt to co-opt them by transforming each
sector into a science...Even art history has been converted from a study of beauty and craft
into a mathematical view of creativity. The new art historians are
interested not so much in art or in history as in technical evolution...The reduction
of politics, economics, social problems and the arts to mathematical
visions and obscure, hermetically sealed vocabularies may well be looked
upon by those who come after us as one of the greatest follies of our
civilization.
The Limits of Rationalism
Saul brings a number of examples in general society which he believes have suffered due to this intellectual bias. We could consider each individually and ask whether we agree with his appraisal, but regardless, he is dealing with the question of "the Limis of Rationalism", arguably one of the big questions humanity is struggling with in our era. Certainly there are a plethora of examples from a variety of disciplines:
- Saul lists the failure to sufficiently address Global Warming as an example
- Saul discusses the "scientificization" of the Humanities as potentially being "one of the greatest follies of our civilization"
- In the same interview, Russ characterizes the rise of Fascist movements in the 20th century as being "a natural outgrowth of the worship of reason"
- Emanual Derman makes a similar argument about the social sciences
- David Weinberger brought up the limits of scientific empiricism in a world where there are too many facts to analyze saying "There is art as well as science in deciding which of the facts are the foundation upon which you are going to build belief"
- Tyler Cowen suggests that science has already reaped all of the "Low-Hanging Fruit" and that scientific progress has slowed dramatically as a result
- William Gibson sees the Post-Apocalyptic and Cyberpunk genres of science fiction as being outgrowths of disappointment with Science's failure to answer many fundamental Human questions
- Contemporaries, the works of Arthur Conan Doyle and Arthur Machen are a good example of these outlooks. Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is living proof that rationalism can solve anything, given enough time and intellectual ability. Machen's stories, on the other hand, strive to demonstrate the limits of Rationalism in the most dramatic way possible.
- Bob Chipman attacks the "Objective Film Criticism" he was taught in Film School as being less intellectually interesting than criticism that embraces the critic's own subjective personal world view
Two Approaches to Gemara Learning
I had the good fortune of spending time in different yeshivas and getting to see different דרכי הלימוד (methodologies of learning) at work.
At Ohr Somayach, I would describe the approach to learning a sugya(at least in the shiur I attended) as one of חשבון. We would begin with understanding what a rishon talked about and then try to infer, either deductively or inductively, what he would say on topics that weren't explicitly discussed. In this way, we would build-up each rishon's shita as a list of opinions and a few general סברות to tie them all together. Ultimately, it was a very Rationalist approach, and I remember the Rav once criticizing other approaches which stray too far from the text in their searching for explanations.
In the Gush with it's Brisker approach, the methodology required two steps. First an inductive leap, to come up with a conceptual model to explain a sugya, then a deductive discipline, searching the gemara and rishonim for support for the model(a search which is not always successful).
It was the initial inductive leap, one which requires a greater part intuition and imagination than Rational logic, that bothered my Rabbi at Ohr Samayach. Ultimately, his approach to Gemara was closer to the pure Rationalist one that bothers Saul, while the Brisker approach uses a combination of intuition, imagination as well as Rationalism to achieve it's results. And my feeling is that the results of the Brisker Methodology are superior, as Rav Lichtenstein says in "The Conceptual Approach to Learning Torah"
For sheer beauty and excitement, tedious plodding through the Maharam Shif cannot hold a candle to Reb Hayyim’s soaring imagination and piercing insights. Radical conceptual analysis cracks open a sugya with illuminating force beyond the range of masters of combination and heshbon.
On the General Relevance of Brisk
So that takes us back to the initial question, of the general relevance of Brisk. The Brisker approach, in addition to fulfilling Torah Lishma, trains it's adepts in the fusion of Rationalism with other important modes of thought, such as intuition and imagination. It does so as no other subject in the typical High School or even University curriculum. These other modes are especially important in this Rationalist, Utilitarian day and age when they have been allowed, to a significant degree, to atrophy on a societal level.
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